国际结算:汇票的审核怎么做?
国际结算:汇票的审核怎么做?
汇票作为国际贸易结算的重要单据,首先要准确理解信用证中有关汇票的条款,才能缮制正确的汇票,然后,再经过认真审核,方能保证汇票的准确无误。
(一) 信用证有关汇票的条款示例
(1) We hereby issue our irrevocable letter of credit No.194956 available with any bank in China, at 90 days after Bill of Lading date by draft.
该条款要求出具提单后90天的汇票。
(2) Draft at 60 days sight from the date of presentation at your counter.
该条款要求出具在议付行起算60天到期的远期汇票。
(3) Credit available with any bank in China, by negotiation, against presentation of beneficiary’s drafts at sight, drawn on applicant in duplicate.
该条款要求受益人出具以开证人为付款人的即期汇票。
(4) All drafts should be marked “Drawn under the Citibank, New York L/C No.1956717 dated 20040310”.
该条款要求所有汇票须显示, 是依据花旗银行纽约分行1956717 号、日期 20040310的信用证出具的。
(5) “This credit is available with The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd., Shanghai by negotiation against beneficiary’s drafts drawn under this L/C at sight basis.”
本信用证在上海汇丰银行议付,随附受益人即期汇票。
(6) 还有一些信用证在汇票上带有一些限制性条款,如:“This letter of credit is to be negotiated against the documents detailed herein a beneficiary’s drafts at 60 days after sight with Standard Chartered bank Shanghai.”
这样的条款要求汇票的受款人为“上海标准渣打银行”,实际上是限制了此信
用证必须在上海渣打银行议付。在制作汇票时,在汇票的“pay to the order of”加上 “渣打银行上海分行”,即这样表示:“ Pay to the order of Standard Chartered bank, Shanghai branch .”
(7) “The drafts at 90 days sight drawn on Bank of Tokyo Ltd, Tokyo branch. Usance drafts drawn under this L/C are to be negotiated at sight basis. Discount charges and
acceptance commission are for account of accountee.”
此信用证规定受益人须开立90天的“远期汇票”,但是出口商却“即期”可以议付该信用证。因条款中规定承兑费和贴现费由开证人负担,因此对于出口商来说,就是“即期信用证”,这就是通常所说的“假远期”。
还有一些信用证不需要“汇票”,其信用证的条款有时是这样表示的。
(1) This credit is available with/by Nordea Bank Norge Asa Oslo for currency USD amount 5 000.
(2) Documentary Credit available with yourselves by payment against presentation of the documents detailed herein.
(二) 审核要点
(1) 付款人名称、地址是否正确;
(2) 金额的大小写必须一致;
(3) 付款期限要符合信用证或合同规定;
(4) 检查汇票金额是否超出信用证金额,如信用证金额前有“大约”一词可按
10%的增减幅度掌握;
(5) 出票人、收款人、付款人都必须符合信用证或合同的规定;
(6) 币制名称应与信用证和发票一致;
(7) 出票条款是否正确,如出票所根据的信用证或合同号码是否正确;
(8) 是否按需要进行了背书;
(9) 汇票是否由出票人签字;
(10) 汇票份数是否正确。为了防止丢失,商业汇票一式二联,即FIRST OF EXCHANGE(第一正本联,Second being unpaid,付一不付二)和SECOND OF EXCHANGE(第二正本联,First being unpaid,付二不付一),具有同等效力,付款人只需付其中一张,先到先付,后到无效。同时,银行在寄送单据时一般将两张正本汇票分两个连续的邮次寄送国外,以防在一个邮次中全部丢失。
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